A Review of Supercapacitors: Materials Design, Modification, and Applications

Supercapacitors (SCs) have received much interest due to their enhanced electrochemical performance, superior cycling life, excellent specific power, and fast charging–discharging rate. The energy density of SCs is comparable batteries; however, power cyclability are higher by several orders magnitude relative batteries, making them a flexible compromising storage alternative, provided proper design efficient materials used. This review emphasizes various types SCs, such as double-layer capacitors, hybrid supercapacitors, pseudo-supercapacitors. Furthermore, synthesis strategies, including sol-gel, electro-polymerization, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, chemical vapor deposition, direct coating, vacuum filtration, de-alloying, microwave auxiliary, in situ polymerization, electro-spinning, silar, carbonization, dipping, drying methods, discussed. functionalizations SC electrode summarized. In addition potential applications, brief insights into the recent advances associated problems provided, along with conclusions. noteworthy because its simplicity conciseness regard which can be helpful for researchers who not directly involved storage.